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TheFiveSolas
May 31st 2003, 11:19 PM
Can evolutionary theory rationally account for the preconditions of science; human rationality, objective and universally binding laws of logic, inductive inference, objective and universally binding ethical norms, human freedom of thought/will/action, etc.?

In another thread, the following off-topic posts were made:



Monkey Boy:
How could (a) be fallacious if it was just a simple statement "fallible man wrote it".

TheFiveSolas:
The assertion begs the question of whether God superintended the writing. That is why it is fallacious.

Your probability argument also begs the question since the probability of the God described in Scripture making a mistake is zero.

A literal interpretation is one in which the literary piece in question is read according to the genre being used in the section under discussion. In other words, literalists read the poetic sections as poetry, the historical narratives as history, and hyperbolic sections as hyperbole, etc.

The challenge for those that deny Scripture is to provide an alternative worldview that can account for rationality, logic, human freedom of will/thought/action, human dignity, objective ethical norms, etc., and do so simultaneously.

Until they do, they can't even get their argument off the ground.


James:
What about those who don't believe that Christianity can account for these things?

I deny that non-Christian worldviews can account for all of the above preconditions for intelligibility, science, rationality, etc.

If you'd like make an attempt I'd be interested in hearing it.


James:
I'd argue that a literal interpretation of the Bible cannot account for rationality, logic, human freedom of will/thought/action, human dignity, objective ethical norms, etc., and do so simultaneously. Want to start a thread on this?


Lobstrocity:

Today @ 11:18 AM post located here (http://www.theologyweb.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=113733#post113733)
TheFiveSolas:


Your probability argument also begs the question since the probability of the God described in Scripture making a mistake is zero.
Well then, given that the Bible clearly is not error-free (rabbits don't chew their own cud, for one), I guess one must assume that God did not superintend the writing, right? Listen to yourselves: the Bible is infallible because it might have been superintended by God. How do you know? Because the Bible can be interpreted to imply this.

Firstly, there's the uncertainty as to whether it was actually superintended by God--maybe Norse mythology was superintended by God(s) whereas the Bible was just embellished history compiled by man. That you cannot be certain of this means you cannot be certain of the Bible's infallibility. Secondly, if you cannot be certain of its inerrancy, you cannot use its own claims of inerrancy as proof that it's inerrant! Going in circles does tend to make one sick.


A literal interpretation is one in which the literary piece in question is read according to the genre being used in the section under discussion. In other words, literalists read the poetic sections as poetry, the historical narratives as history, and hyperbolic sections as hyperbole, etc.
Yes, and man is the one interpreting whether a section is poetry, historical narrative, or hyperbole. Since God is capable of literally anything, how do you know that a hyperbole isn't actually historical fact? How do you know that what you believe to be historical fact isn't hyperbole? This is all interpretation made by fallible men. It was faulty interpretation that caused the church to forcefully oppose heliocentrism. For example, I read Genesis and it sure sounds like hyperbole to me. Millions of other Christians would agree with me. So clearly interpretation isn't all it's cracked up to be, is it?


The challenge for those that deny Scripture is to provide an alternative worldview that can account for rationality, logic, human freedom of will/thought/action, human dignity, objective ethical norms, etc., and do so simultaneously.
Materialism does this just fine. First of all, computers operate off of logical principles and are fully capable of evaluating logic, so knock that one off your list of magical intangibles. Math and logic can exist without human beings and without magic. Second of all, there is no reason not to assume that the biological brain cannot result in all of these facets of humanity given the fact that physical impairments of the brain can render a person devoid of each of these characteristics. Drugs/brain damage can easily alter your emotions and/or ethical norms. Cutting the corpus callosum results in an impaired consciousness a soul simply cannot account for (see here (http://www.indiana.edu/~pietsch/split-brain.html) and here (http://designweb.otago.ac.nz/grant/psyc/TWOBRAIN.HTML)). In short, any non-biological explanation for consciousness is virtually impossible to posit given such studies (well, I've seen people try, but the solutions are remarkably ad hoc). As for objective ethical norms, that's nothing special. You obviously must know that there exist many different moral philosophies that are wholey independent of religion. Morality is a fairly simple concept to grasp: it is that facet of behavior that allows organisms to interact socially. Without morality, humans simply would be unable to form societies. Humans are not the only creatures on Earth to adhere to objective "moral" standards in order to achieve a social hierarchy. So, with my argument off the ground, how about getting back to Biblical inerrancy?


Joe_Sixpack:
"The challenge for those that deny Scripture is to provide an alternative worldview that can account for rationality, logic, human freedom of will/thought/action, human dignity, objective ethical norms, etc., and do so simultaneously."

Ok, here is one off the top of my head. My cat created the Universe Last Thursday with his omnipotent supernatural powers. He endowed us with memories and the appearance of age as well as the ability to reason in order to laugh at us as we consistently used our cat-created logic, reason, and rationality to come to erroneous conclusions about our environment. This amuses him. He also let us come to patently false idea that we have "human dignity" because it amuses him to see our childish arrogance.

Now on a more serious note, I find you list simply bizarre. A truly atheistic universe could easily allow for logic, which is simply formalized axioms for describing reality, rationality is simply using logic. Free will is a little more interesting because it might not really even exist - only the illusion of free might exist. Even so, telling the difference from actual and illusionary free will may be impossible, so who cares if it is not accounted for without a god (though there are of course many philosophies that account for it without needing to invoke the supernatural). Human dignity is entirely subjective and not defined, so I will ingore that one for now. "Objective ethical norms" have never been demonstrated by anyone - we have certainshared feelings regarding some ethical issues, but the exceptions and caveats to these "ethical norms" show that they are far from objective. Further, an atheist may say that certain moral/ethical behaviors provide a survival advantage to the group and since we are a social organism, those cultures with a particular set of ethical rules prospered. This is supported by the existence of "ethical" or social rules exhibited by other social mammals such as canines and dolphins.

Christianity is certainly not the only way to "account" for these things that you suggest.

James
May 31st 2003, 11:39 PM
What I was really challenging in my earlier post is whether Christianity as described in the Bible could account for human rationality, objective and universally binding laws of logic, inductive inference, objective and universally binding ethical norms, human freedom of thought/will/action, etc., but for the sake of a good argument I'll participate in this thread too.

I think that Lob and Joe6 made some good points about the "logic" inherent in things other than humans, like computers. It's my personal view that physical logic is simply a property of the universe we live in. All physical processes follow certian rules. Certian chemicals always combine in the same ways under the same conditions. It seems to me that humans have just discovered the logic already present in the universe. Descent with modification just got us to the point where we could understand them.

Vorkosigan
June 1st 2003, 04:27 AM
Can evolutionary theory rationally account for the preconditions of science; human rationality, objective and universally binding laws of logic, inductive inference, objective and universally binding ethical norms, human freedom of thought/will/action, etc.?

Of course. 5S, I told you in the other thread you badly needed to do some reading in evolutionary psychology, human behavioral ecology, the cognitive sciences and other sciences of human behavior. See this Primer on Evolutionary Psychology (http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html)

Logic is very easy to account for under evolution; even non-human animals are capable of it. Complex behavior such as planning and route mapping have been observed in creatures as congitively simple as spiders (see this great article on genus Portia (http://www.americanscientist.org/articles/98articles/jackson.html)) and learning has been demonstrated in insects (there are several journals devoted to cognition in insects). So, logic is no great issue for evolution.

As for the others:
objective and universally binding ethical norms,

There are no objective and universally binding ethical norms, so evolution need not explain what does not exist.

human freedom of thought/will/action, etc.?

Vague and unhelpful. Freedom of thought is a political term -- it is anathema to Christianity, so I don't understand why you bring it up here. By freedom of will and action I presume you mean "agency" which is quite easy to explain, see any of several recent books.

I deny that non-Christian worldviews can account for all of the above preconditions for intelligibility, science, rationality, etc.

You can, of course, "deny" anything you like. But sticking your fingers in your ears and shouting LA-LA-LA isn't much of an argument.

Vorkosigan

Passant
June 1st 2003, 10:25 AM
Can evolutionary theory rationally account for the preconditions of science; human rationality, objective and universally binding laws of logic, inductive inference, objective and universally binding ethical norms, human freedom of thought/will/action, etc.?

God of the gaps, finally being pushed into the last remaining gaps.

Children don't know where babies come from, their being found in a cabbage patch accounts for this nicely, but it's still fantasy!

Just because a question is unanswered, doesn't mean there is no answer, or make it right to yell GODDITT! Every time this approach has been used in the past, it has been shown to be wrong!

Minnesota
June 1st 2003, 12:34 PM
The question:


Can evolutionary theory rationally account for the preconditions of science; human rationality, objective and universally binding laws of logic, inductive inference, objective and universally binding ethical norms, human freedom of thought/will/action, etc.?

The succinct answer:

Of course not! "Evolutionary theory" deals only with organisms.

The theory of evolution asserts that modern organisms have evolved from older ancestral organisms, and that modern species have the ability to evolve over time. And that's it!

Archimedes
June 1st 2003, 04:16 PM
Today @ 04:19 AM post located here (http://www.theologyweb.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=114125#post114125)
TheFiveSolas:

Can evolutionary theory rationally account for the preconditions of science; human rationality, objective and universally binding laws of logic, inductive inference, objective and universally binding ethical norms, human freedom of thought/will/action, etc.?

You are committing the mistake of assuming that evolutionary theory is a worldview that is supposed to explain these things. It is not, therefore it doesn't need to explain "preconditions of science" any more than other scientific theories not specificly dealing with these issues. Certainly, rationality and logic make sense in light of evolution: both traits are advantageous to our species (and some other species as well).

In any case, Christianity can't account for these things very well either. "Bible says so" is fundamentally not any more authoritative claim than "Quran says so" or "my uncle says so" or "the humanist manifesto says so".

Bald Ape
June 2nd 2003, 01:10 PM
How does this question differ from: "Can the theory of quantum mechanics rationally account for my shoes?"? Could you provide a cogent, straightforward answer to my question? If not, would that lead you to doubt the usefulness of quantum mechanics as a scientific theory?

TheFiveSolas
June 4th 2003, 11:52 PM
Bald Ape:
How does this question differ from: "Can the theory of quantum mechanics rationally account for my shoes?"? Could you provide a cogent, straightforward answer to my question?

Evolutionary theory attempts to explain all biological phenomena, including brain function (i.e., thinking). As far as I'm aware, such explanatory power hasn't been invoked by the theory of quantum mechanics. However, if quantum physicists did make such an assertion I would point out that immaterial abstract laws of logic cannot be accounted for in such a view. Therefore, something else is needed in order to make the existence of such laws viable and epistemologically justifiable.

TheFiveSolas
June 4th 2003, 11:56 PM
Archimedes:
You are committing the mistake of assuming that evolutionary theory is a worldview that is supposed to explain these things.


Evolutionary theory is not reducible to physics or chemistry or biology. Rather it is an underlying philosophical grid by which the facts revealed by biology, chemistry, physics, etc. are interpreted. In other words, it is a worldview, one that attempts to interpret and explain the entirety of biological phenomena.

HippoCrates
June 5th 2003, 12:01 AM
Today @ 04:52 AM post located here (http://www.theologyweb.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=118049#post118049)
TheFiveSolas:



Evolutionary theory attempts to explain all biological phenomena, including brain function (i.e., thinking). As far as I'm aware, such explanatory power hasn't been invoked by the theory of quantum mechanics. However, if quantum physicists did make such an assertion I would point out that immaterial, abstract, laws of logic cannot be accounted for in such a view. Therefore, something else is needed in order to make the existence of such laws viable and epistemologically justifiable.

Immaterial, abstract laws of logic cannot be accounted for by any scientific theory, as science is methodologically naturalistic. The problem with your argument is that you equivocate between evolutionary theory and your conception of an evolutionary worldview. The philosophical flaws of the latter are irrelevant to the validity of the former.

TheFiveSolas
June 5th 2003, 12:12 AM
A couple of people have asserted that animals and even computers use logic.

Here is a very simple definition of logic:



Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning.
Introduction to Logic, Tenth Edition, Irving M. Copi & Carl Cohen, pg. 3.

Reasoning afaics involves cognition, consciousness. Computers do not reason, nor can they consciously recognize correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning. Computers output only what their programming allows and do so passively. They do not initiate choices.


James:
It's my personal view that physical logic is simply a property of the universe we live in. All physical processes follow certian rules. Certian chemicals always combine in the same ways under the same conditions. It seems to me that humans have just discovered the logic already present in the universe.

Herein lies a major problem. If logic is akin to a physical "law" then it follows that freedom of thought is an illusion. In addition, this would mean that ALL thinking is "logical". Alogical or illogical thinking would be precluded in the same way that "certain chemicals always combine in the same ways under the same conditions." IOW, there could be no variation from this physical law.

In addition, "laws" cannot be physical since physical things/entities are particulars and not universals. The view that asserts that only particulars exist precludes universals of any kind and therefore precludes "laws".

TheFiveSolas
June 5th 2003, 12:17 AM
Hippocrates,

You cannot separate one's adherence to the theory of evolution from their worldview. A person's worldview informs/determines how they interpret the world around them, including whether or not they accept the theory of evolution.

Joe_Sixpack
June 5th 2003, 02:08 AM
"In addition, "laws" cannot be physical since physical things/entities are particulars and not universals. The view that asserts that only particulars exist precludes universals of any kind and therefore precludes "laws"."

Why? Why can't the fundamental particles in the universe have certain set characteristics that force them to interact in a certain way? The physical "laws" of the Universe are simply describing how things behave not perscribing how they should behave. Scientific laws are simply descriptions of reality; they are not universals in any way except they seem to universally show that how things tend to behave.

Philosophy has a poor record of describing what "must be" in the Universe. I'd avoid trying to tell the Universe what it must be because of your philosophical musing . Physicists have had much more success by actually examining the Universe and describing it.

Joe_Sixpack
June 5th 2003, 02:16 AM
"Herein lies a major problem. If logic is akin to a physical "law" then it follows that freedom of thought is an illusion."

It might be - we have a very limited understanding of consciousness yet.

"In addition, this would mean that ALL thinking is "logical". Alogical or illogical thinking would be precluded in the same way that "certain chemicals always combine in the same ways under the same conditions.""

Actually no it wouldn't. All thought would be the result of physical properties, but that wouldn't mean it would all be logical. For one, the physical properties of neural nets (like our brain) allow for occasional random errors. The brain would still be behaving in accordance to its physical properties, but it might not always come to the same solution given identical initial conditions and identical stimuli. Now this does nothing to bring back "free will" or "freedom of thought" as I believe you understand the terms.

BTW - you need to rethink your defintion of logic. Computers do most certainly use logic - they are by definition logical machines using a set of principles (algorithyms - I can never spell this word right no matter how many times I use it) to reason through a probelm to a solution. Now, that does not mean that they have consciousness, which is a very poorly defined and even more poorly understood concept. Logic does not require consciousness.

"Evolutionary theory is not reducible to physics or chemistry or biology."

This is simply untrue. You seem to be attacking a cartoon version of the theory of evolution.

Dee Dee Warren
June 5th 2003, 05:01 AM
Joe, please avoid the use of multiple back to back posts. Instead edit the prior post if you think of something to add within the twenty four edit period unless it is two distinct responses to two distinct people.

James
June 5th 2003, 07:00 AM
Today @ 12:12 AM post located here (http://www.theologyweb.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=118064#post118064)
TheFiveSolas:

Reasoning afaics involves cognition, consciousness. Computers do not reason, nor can they consciously recognize correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning. Computers output only what their programming allows and do so passively. They do not initiate choices.

Computers have the physical ability to logically process any data that follows a format they understand. They are built on logic gates, they can't operate any other way. Your definition applies to the human study of logic, not the actual application of it as a set of rules.


Herein lies a major problem. If logic is akin to a physical "law" then it follows that freedom of thought is an illusion. In addition, this would mean that ALL thinking is "logical". Alogical or illogical thinking would be precluded in the same way that "certain chemicals always combine in the same ways under the same conditions." IOW, there could be no variation from this physical law.

Freedom of thought may or may not be an illusion. I've only seen one good attempt to reconcile free will in this universe, and it wasn't part of the Christian worldview. While true logic is a fundamental property of matter, that does not mean that logical forces cannot give rise to illogical mental heuristics. Brains can evolve due to logical principles but not give rise to the ability to think logically. It seems to me that humans only truly think logically after being trained to do so.


In addition, "laws" cannot be physical since physical things/entities are particulars and not universals. The view that asserts that only particulars exist precludes universals of any kind and therefore precludes "laws".

I've seen you write this first sentence multiple times, but I've never understood what you mean by it. Is the law of gravity not physical and universal? Do the other physical forces not act the same for every bit of matter?

Archimedes
June 5th 2003, 07:41 AM
Today @ 04:52 AM post located here (http://www.theologyweb.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=118049#post118049)
TheFiveSolas:

Evolutionary theory attempts to explain all biological phenomena, including brain function (i.e., thinking). As far as I'm aware, such explanatory power hasn't been invoked by the theory of quantum mechanics. However, if quantum physicists did make such an assertion I would point out that immaterial abstract laws of logic cannot be accounted for in such a view. Therefore, something else is needed in order to make the existence of such laws viable and epistemologically justifiable.

You seem to be arguing two separate things here: on the other hand that evolution does not explain the existence of "immaterial laws" or universals (which is indeed does not, because evolution is not a metaphysical theory at all), and on the other hand that evolution does not explain human rationality or cognitive abilities (which it does explain in a way, because these qualities yield a survival advantage). I don't see what evolution has to do with metaphysics, regardless of whether you think universals exist (like I do) or not.


Today @ 04:56 AM post located here (http://www.theologyweb.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=118052#post118052)
TheFiveSolas:

Evolutionary theory is not reducible to physics or chemistry or biology. Rather it is an underlying philosophical grid by which the facts revealed by biology, chemistry, physics, etc. are interpreted. In other words, it is a worldview, one that attempts to interpret and explain the entirety of biological phenomena.

Do you also think that quantum mechanics is an "underlying philosophical grid" or a "worldview" because it tries to explain the entirety of physical phenomena? Both evolution and QM are scientific theories, though you might say that QM is a lower-level theory and evolution a higher-level theory. But neither is a worldview.


Today @ 05:12 AM post located here (http://www.theologyweb.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=118064#post118064)
TheFiveSolas:

Herein lies a major problem. If logic is akin to a physical "law" then it follows that freedom of thought is an illusion.

Yup. Which is a valid explanation for "free will".


In addition, this would mean that ALL thinking is "logical". Alogical or illogical thinking would be precluded in the same way that "certain chemicals always combine in the same ways under the same conditions." IOW, there could be no variation from this physical law.

Again, two different things: the descriptive physical laws that govern brain chemistry are completely separate from prescriptive logical "laws" of how we ought to think.


In addition, "laws" cannot be physical since physical things/entities are particulars and not universals. The view that asserts that only particulars exist precludes universals of any kind and therefore precludes "laws".

This is a philosophical issue that has nothing to do with evolution. In fact, I think this barely qualifies even as philosophy, but is rather a matter of semantics: one can either think that universals and particulars "exist" in the same way, or the word "exist" is reserved only to physical objects. I'm leaning towards the former, majority of naturalists/materialists seem to prefer the latter.


Today @ 05:17 AM post located here (http://www.theologyweb.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&postid=118071#post118071)
TheFiveSolas:

Hippocrates,

You cannot separate one's adherence to the theory of evolution from their worldview. A person's worldview informs/determines how they interpret the world around them, including whether or not they accept the theory of evolution.

Though it's true that one's worldview determines whether a person can accept evolution, in most cases worldview's do not prescribe that one must accept evolution. And certainly, accepting evolution does not force you to pick a particular worldview.

Passant
June 5th 2003, 07:42 AM
“ In addition, "laws" cannot be physical since physical things/entities are particulars and not universals. The view that asserts that only particulars exist precludes universals of any kind and therefore precludes "laws". ”



I've seen you write this first sentence multiple times, but I've never understood what you mean by it. Is the law of gravity not physical and universal? Do the other physical forces not act the same for every bit of matter?

I would also like to see this answered, including your definition of "universals".

CTD___
November 1st 2009, 12:55 AM
Can evolutionary theory rationally account for the preconditions of science; human rationality, objective and universally binding laws of logic, inductive inference, objective and universally binding ethical norms, human freedom of thought/will/action, etc.?

In another thread, the following off-topic posts were made:

Just wanted to say a quick thank you, TFS, for respecting the English language enough to correctly employ terms. "Evolutionary theory" is just right, perhaps even better than 'Evolution Theory', which I suggested here

http://www.theologyweb.com/campus/showthread.php?t=133716

wattsr1
November 1st 2009, 01:15 AM
Just wanted to say a quick thank you, TFS, for respecting the English language enough to correctly employ terms. "Evolutionary theory" is just right, perhaps even better than 'Evolution Theory', which I suggested here

http://www.theologyweb.com/campus/showthread.php?t=133716

Gosh.


Regards, Roland

USIncognito
November 1st 2009, 01:18 AM
Can evolutionary theory rationally account for the preconditions of science; human rationality, objective and universally binding laws of logic, inductive inference, objective and universally binding ethical norms, human freedom of thought/will/action, etc.?

In another thread, the following off-topic posts were made:

As long as we're warping the space-time continuum, can you tell Presdient Bush that while we're seeing great battlefield victories in May '03, the occupation will hamstrung by a lack of troops and he needs to deploy several more combat brigades and as many public affairs specialists/officers and MPs as possible.

Philosophickle
November 1st 2009, 01:25 AM
Aim for the head and burn it with fire.

FreezBee
November 1st 2009, 01:39 AM
Just wanted to say a quick thank you, TFS, for respecting the English language enough to correctly employ terms. "Evolutionary theory" is just right, perhaps even better than 'Evolution Theory', which I suggested here

http://www.theologyweb.com/campus/showthread.php?t=133716

A quick thank you to a post that's more than 6 years old? That's not what I call quick, :no:

- FreezBee

Nathaniel
November 1st 2009, 01:43 AM
I don't know what makes me facepalm more... the arguments in this thread or CTD.

wattsr1
November 1st 2009, 03:00 AM
I don't know what makes me facepalm more... the arguments in this thread or CTD. What Sam wrote, pretty well hits the nail on the head.

Just look at this as a very odd-ball few days.



Regards, Roland