Strangely, besides the Bible there does not seem to be much at all on the beliefs of the Pharisees, but here is Josephus:
My understanding is that the Jews (Pharisees specifically) were waiting for the Kingdom of God to come to earth, and at that time, the dead would be resurrected. Each would stand before God to receive judgement, and the good would be given new bodies ("the souls of good men only are removed into other bodies"), whilst the bad go to eternal punishment. Until the resurrection, the dead seem to just "exist" as shades, not unlike the Greek view.
See also 2 Maccabees 7 and 12.
That said, some seem to interpret Josephus as saying they believed in reincarnation. It certainly does read that way, but that seems unlikely to me (and see here). Modern Judaism has its roots in Pharisaic Judaism, and has no place for reincarnation.
The idea of an incorruptible soul appears to be common to the Essenes too, but for them the release of the soul from the body was the goal, they had no belief in a subsequent resurrection (whilst the Sadducees rejected it all, of course).
I am curious how well this aligned with early Christian ideas on the resurrection (obviously Christians and Pharisees clashed on other issues!). Paul, an ex-Pharisee, seems to also be awaiting the resurrection, and he too describes how those resurrected will get new bodies, in 1 Corinthians 15. According to Paul, even those alive at that point will get new bodies:
14. ... They say that all souls are incorruptible, but that the souls of good men only are removed into other bodies, - but that the souls of bad men are subject to eternal punishment.
- Jewish War 2.8.14 (http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/war-2.htm)
- Jewish War 2.8.14 (http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/war-2.htm)
Daniel 12:2 And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.
See also 2 Maccabees 7 and 12.
That said, some seem to interpret Josephus as saying they believed in reincarnation. It certainly does read that way, but that seems unlikely to me (and see here). Modern Judaism has its roots in Pharisaic Judaism, and has no place for reincarnation.
The idea of an incorruptible soul appears to be common to the Essenes too, but for them the release of the soul from the body was the goal, they had no belief in a subsequent resurrection (whilst the Sadducees rejected it all, of course).
I am curious how well this aligned with early Christian ideas on the resurrection (obviously Christians and Pharisees clashed on other issues!). Paul, an ex-Pharisee, seems to also be awaiting the resurrection, and he too describes how those resurrected will get new bodies, in 1 Corinthians 15. According to Paul, even those alive at that point will get new bodies:
1 Corinthians 15:51 Behold, I tell you a mystery; we will not all sleep, but we will all be changed, 52 in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet; for the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised [r]imperishable, and we will be changed.
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