Ephesians

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:13a):

Εν ᾧ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀκούσαντες τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας, τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίας ὑμῶν

Transliteration:

En ō̧h kai hymeis akousantes ton logon tēs alētheias, to euaggelion tēs sōtērias hymōn

Translation (TNIV)

And you also were included in Christ when you heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation.*

*Bratcher: This verse in Greek begins "in whom also you, having heard the word of truth (...). The writer now addresses his readers directly, distinguishing them from the us in the previous verse, with whom he associates himself. They, the readers, either as Gentiles or as second generation Christians, have been given the same destiny as the believers of Jewish origin: they also became God's people (...).

Analysis (Zerwick):

καί : also, too.
ἀκούσαντες : aorist participle of ἀκούω hear.
σωτηρία : salvation.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:13b):

ἐν ᾧ καὶ πιστεύσαντες ἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τῷ ἁγίῳ

Transliteration:

en hō̧ kai pisteusantes esphragisthēte tō̧ pneumati tēs epaggelias tō̧ hagiō̧

Translation (TNIV)

When you believed, you were marked in him with a seal, the promised Holy Spirit

Analysis (Zerwick):

πιστεύσαντες : aorist participle of πιστεύω believe.
ἐν ᾧ ... πιστεύσαντες : resumes the former ἐν ᾧ [in whom] referring to Christ.
ἐσφραγίσθητε : aorist passive of σφραγίζω affix a seal (σφραγίς) sometimes in order to close, at others to identify, referring to the gift of the Spirit [...].*

*Abbott: Compare 2 Cor 1:22, καὶ σφραγισάμενος ἡμᾶς καὶ δοὺς τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ πνεύματος. The figure is such an obvious one that it is needless to seek its origin in any allusion to circumcision, called a seal in Rom. 4:11, or in the στίγματα of certain worshippers of heathen deities. In later writers σφραγίς is used simply for "baptism" ; but there is no reason to suppose such a reference here, which would be too obscure.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:14):

ὅ ἐστιν ἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν, εἰς ἀπολύτρωσιν τῆς περιποιήσεως, εἰς ἔπαινον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ.

Transliteration:

ho estin arrabōn tēs klēronomias hēmōn, eis apolytrōsin tēs peripoiēseōs, eis epainon tēs doxēs autou.

Translation (TNIV)

who is a deposit guaranteeing our inheritance until the redemption of those who are God’s possession—to the praise of his glory.

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἀρραβών : earnest (-money), pledge, deposit, down payment.
κληρονομία : inheritance.
εἰς : (temporal) until.
ἀπολύτρωσις : redemption, liberation.
περιποίησις : (< περιποιέω acquire) acquisition ; as in English may mean the act of acquiring, redemption which is our acquisition by God (epexegetical genitive) 1 Thess 5:9; 2 Thess 2:14 or in passive sense of the thing acquired, a concrete possession, signifying his people (objective genitive), so, with λαός in 1 Pet 2:9.
εἰς ἔπαινον : to the praise [of his glory τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ].

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:15):

Διὰ τοῦτο κἀγὼ ἀκούσας τὴν καθ᾿ ὑμᾶς πίστιν ἐν τῷ κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ καὶ τὴν ἀγάπην τὴν εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἁγίους

Transliteration:

Dia touto kagō akousas tēn kath’ hymas pistin en tō̧ kyriō̧ Iēsou kai tēn agapēn tēn eis pantas tous hagious

Translation (ESV)

For this reason,* because I have heard of your faith in the Lord Jesus and your love toward all the saints

*NET Note: "The conjunctive phrase For this reason points back to the preceding section, verses 3–14, which is also summed up in this verse in the expression because I have heard of your faith. In other words, the author’s prayer can be made for his audience because he knows that they are true believers."

Analysis (Zerwick):

διὰ τοῦτο : for this reason.
κἀγὼ = καὶ ἐγώ.
κατά : with accusative often standing (...) for possessive genitive, καθ᾿ ὑμᾶς your.
τὴν ἀγάπην : your love.
ἅγιος : saints because dedicated to God ; title of all believers.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:16):

οὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν μνείαν ποιούμενος ἐπὶ τῶν προσευχῶν μου

Transliteration:

ou pauomai eucharistōn hyper hymōn mneian poioumenos epi tōn proseuchōn mou

Translation (ESV)

I do not cease to give thanks for you, remembering you in my prayers

Analysis (Zerwick):

παύομαι : cease.
εὐχαριστῶν : participle of εὐχαριστέω give thanks.
ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν : reference to ποιούμενος middle participle of ποιέω make.
μνεία : remembrance.
μνείαν ποιοῦμαι : mention, remember, especially before God ; classical use of middle where ποιούμενος combines with a noun to express the same idea as the cognate verb (here = μνημονεύων) Rom 1:9.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:17):

ἵνα ὁ θεὸς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὁ πατὴρ τῆς δόξης, δώῃ ὑμῖν πνεῦμα σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως ἐν ἐπιγνώσει αὐτοῦ

Transliteration:

hina ho theos tou kyriou hēmōn Iēsou Christou, ho patēr tēs doxēs, dōȩ̄ hymin pneuma sophias kai apokalypseōs en epignōsei autou

Translation (ESV)

that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give you a spirit of wisdom and of revelation in the knowledge of him

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἵνα : denotes content, that.
δώῃ : aorist subjunctive of δίδωμι give.
σοφία : wisdom.
ἀποκάλυψις : revelation as an "uncovering" of the truth.
ἐπίγνωσις : knowledge, the knowledge of God involving personal commitment, ἐπίγνωσις αὐτοῦ knowledge of him (objective genitive).

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:18):

πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας [ὑμῶν] εἰς τὸ εἰδέναι ὑμᾶς τίς ἐστιν ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ, τίς ὁ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης τῆς κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἁγίοις

Transliteration:

pephōtismenous tous ophthalmous tēs kardias [hymōn] eis to eidenai hymas tis estin hē elpis tēs klēseōs autou, tis ho ploutos tēs doxēs tēs klēronomias autou en tois hagiois

Translation (ESV)

having the eyes of your hearts enlightened, that you may know what is the hope to which he has called you, what are the riches of his glorious inheritance in the saints

Analysis (Zerwick):

πεφωτισμένους : perfect passive participle of φωτίζω shed light on ; metonymy enlighten, either attributive, "grant to you ... enlightened inner eyes" or predictive, "grant that the eyes of your heart be enlightened".
καρδία : as seat of thought and will as well as emotion.
εἰς τό : with accusative + infinitive final, denotes the purpose.
εἰδέναι : infinitive of οἶδα perfect-present know.
τίς : as indirect interrogative what.
ἐλπίς -ίδος, ἡ : hope.
κλῆσις : calling, vocation.
πλοῦτος : wealth.
κληρονομία : inheritance.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:19-20):

¹⁹καὶ τί τὸ ὑπερβάλλον μέγεθος τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ εἰς ἡμᾶς τοὺς πιστεύοντας κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ. ²⁰ Ἣν ἐνήργησεν ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐγείρας αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν καὶ καθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις

Transliteration:

¹⁹kai ti to hyperballon megethos tēs dynameōs autou eis hēmas tous pisteuontas kata tēn energeian tou kratous tēs ischyos autou. ²⁰Ἣν ἐνήργησεν ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐγείρας αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν καὶ καθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις

Translation (TEV)

¹⁹and how very great is his power at work in us who believe. This power working in us is the same as the mighty strength ²⁰which he used when he raised Christ from death and seated him at his right side in the heavenly world.

Analysis (Zerwick):

ὑπερβάλλον : neuter participle of ὑπερβάλλω exceed, surpass.
μέγεθος : greatness.
πιστεύοντας : participle of πιστεύω believe.
ἐνέργεια : working, activity.
κράτος : might.
ἰχθύς -ύος, ἡ : strength, power.
ἐνήργησεν : exerted, aorist of ἐνεργέω work, effect, carry out.
ἐγείρας : aorist participle of ἐγείρω raise.
καθίσας : aorist participle of καθίζω make one sit.
ἐν δεξιᾷ : (sc. χειρί [dative singular of χείρ hand]) at his right hand.
ἐπουράνιος : verse 3.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:21):

ὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐξουσίας καὶ δυνάμεως καὶ κυριότητος καὶ παντὸς ὀνόματος ὀνομαζομένου, οὐ μόνον ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι

Transliteration:

hyperanō pasēs archēs kai exousias kai dynameōs kai kyriotētos kai pantos onomatos onomazomenou, ou monon en tō̧ aiōni toutō̧ alla kai en tō̧ mellonti

Translation (ESV)

far above all rule and authority and power and dominion, and above every name that is named, not only in this age but also in the one to come.

Analysis (Zerwick):

ὑπεράνω : (with genitive) far above.
ἀρχή : rule ; sovereignty.
κυριότης, -ητος, ἡ : dominion ; ἀρχή ... κυριότητος hierarchies of spiritual powers.
ὄνομα : name ; here, title.
ὀνομαζομένου : that is (to be) named, passive participle of ὀνομάζω name.
ὁ αἰών ... ὁ μέλλων : the age to come.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:22):

καὶ πάντα ὑπέταξεν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ καὶ αὐτὸν ἔδωκεν κεφαλὴν ὑπὲρ πάντα τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ

Transliteration:

kai panta hypetaxen hypo tous podas autou kai auton edōken kephalēn hyper panta tȩ̄ ekklēsia̧

Translation (NRSV)

And he has put all things under his feet and has made him the head over all things for the church

Analysis (Zerwick):

ὑπέταξεν : aorist of ὑποτάσσω make subject, put under.
ἔδωκεν : aorist of δίδωμι "give" = Hebraism he made him...
κεφαλήν : (predicate) head.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 1:23):

ἥτις ἐστὶν τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ, τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν πληρουμένου.

Transliteration:

hētis estin to sōma autou, to plērōma tou ta panta en pasin plēroumenou.

Translation (NRSV)

which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all.

Exegesis (Abbott):

ἥτις = not the simple relative but "which, in fact, is" (...). In order, says Oecumenius, that hearing of the head you may not think merely of rule and authority σωματικῶς ἡμῶν ἐστι κεφαλή. There is an organic connection ; the life of the Church springs from its union with Christ as Head.
τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν πληρουμένου. A much vexed text, which is ably discussed by Soden, to the following effect. We find in 4:10 that it is the function of Christ to fill all things, having ascended to heaven and thence descending with the gifts communicated to the Church. He is here, therefore, called ὁ πληρουμένος τὰ πάντα.

This He is able to do by virtue of His being the head over all. How this is to be understood is suggested by Rom. 13:9 sq., where that by which the law is fulfilled, namely, ἀγάπη, is also that in which the law with all its parts ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται. If we transfer this to the present passage, it gives the result that the fact that τὰ πάντα are filled by Christ coincides with this ; but τὰ πάντα ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται (1:10). And this expression corresponds to the conception that the Church, whose function is to be the means of this πληροῦσθαι, is so because Christ is given to her as Head.

If Christ is to fill all things through the medium of the Church, He must first fill the Church. And with this the figure of σῶμα agrees, since in a man the head fills the body with its thoughts and purposes, so that each member is determined by it and filled by it, and that the more, the maturer the man is : compare 4:13, 16, where the πλήρωμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ is attained in proportion as the σῶμα is, so to speak, full grown. In this view πλήρωμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ is understood to mean that which is filled with Christ, and with some modifications this is the view adopted by most moderns.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 2:1):

Καὶ ὑμᾶς ὄντας νεκροὺς τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν

Transliteration:

Kai hymas ontas nekrous tois paraptōmasin kai tais hamartiais hymōn

Translation (YLT)

Also you ― being dead in the trespasses and the sins

Analysis (Zerwick):

ὄντας : participle of εἰμί be.
παράπτωμα : transgression.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 2:2):

ἐν αἷς ποτε περιεπατήσατε κατὰ τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου, κατὰ τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος, τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ νῦν ἐνεργοῦντος ἐν τοῖς υἱοῖς τῆς ἀπειθείας

Transliteration:

en hais pote periepatēsate kata ton aiōna tou kosmou toutou, kata ton archonta tēs exousias tou aeros, tou pneumatos tou nyn energountos en tois huiois tēs apeitheias

Translation (ESV)

in which you once walked, following the course of this world, following the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that is now at work in the sons of disobedience ―

Analysis (Zerwick):

ποτέ : (enclitic) once, at one time.
περιεπατήσατε : aorist of περιπατέω walk, in ethical sense, live.
ἄρχων, -οντος, ὁ : ruler.
ἐξουσία : power, authority, here domain (Luke 22:53).
ἀήρ, -έρος, ὁ : air ; ὁ ἄρχων τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος being Satan.
ἐνεργοῦντος : participle of ἐνεργέω be at work/active.
ἀπείθεια : (ἀπειθέω be disobedient) disobedience, υἱοὶ τῆς ἀπειθείας ["sons of disobedience"] Hebraism those given to disobedience.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 2:3):

ἐν οἷς καὶ ἡμεῖς πάντες ἀνεστράφημέν ποτε ἐν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν ποιοῦντες τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τῶν διανοιῶν, καὶ ἤμεθα τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς ὡς καὶ οἱ λοιποί

Transliteration:

en hois kai hēmeis pantes anestraphēmen pote en tais epithymiais tēs sarkos hēmōn poiountes ta thelēmata tēs sarkos kai tōn dianoiōn, kai ēmetha tekna physei orgēs hōs kai hoi loipoi

Translation (ESV)

― among whom we all once lived in the passions of our flesh, carrying out the desires of the body and the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of mankind.

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἀνεστράφημεν : aorist passive of ἀναστρέφω overturn ; passive reflexive conduct oneself, live in a certain way, constative (global) aorist.
ἐπιθυμία : desire.
ποιοῦντες : participle of ποιέω do.
διάνοια : thought.
ἤμεθα = ἤμεν : imperfect of εἰμί be.
φύσις : nature ; φύσει by nature, ? = unaided by grace.
ὀργή : wrath ; like υἱός [son], τέκνον [child] with a following genitive denotes a dominant characteristic or the end to which one is tending, τέκνα ὀργῆς destined for or objects of wrath.
λοιπός : left, remaining ; οἱ λοιποί the rest.

[John Reece]

NA27 Text (Ephesians 2:4-5):

⁴ὁ δὲ θεὸς πλούσιος ὢν ἐν ἐλέει, διὰ τὴν πολλὴν ἀγάπην αὐτοῦ ἣν ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς, ⁵καὶ ὄντας ἡμᾶς νεκροὺς τοῖς παραπτώμασιν συνεζωοποίησεν τῷ Χριστῷ ― ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι ―

Transliteration:

⁴ho de theos plousios ōn en eleei, dia tēn pollēn agapēn autou hēn ēgapēsen hēmas, ⁵kai ontas hēmas nekrous tois paraptōmasin synezōopoiēsen tō̧ Christō̧ ― chariti este sesō̧smenoi ―

Translation (ESV)

⁴But God, being rich in mercy, because of the great love with which he loved us, ⁵even when we were dead in our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ ― by grace you have been saved ―

Analysis (Zerwick):

πλούσιος : rich.
ὢν : participle of εἰμί be.
ἔλεος : mercy.
ἣν : internal cognate accusative : the love (with) which he loved.
ἠγάπησεν : aorist of ἀγαπάω love.
παράπτωμα : transgression.
συνεζωοποίησεν : aorist of συζωοποιέω (τινά τινι) make (one) alive with (another).
χάριτι : instrumental dative, without article emphasizes the manner in which salvation is given, i.e. freely.
σεσῳσμένοι : perfect passive participle of σῴζω, with εἰμί forming periphrastic passive participle.