Daniel: Hebrew and Aramaic

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:5a (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וַיְמַן לָהֶם הַמֶּלֶךְ דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ מִפַּת־בַּג הַמֶּלֶךְ וּמִיֵּין מִשְׁתָּיו

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (WEB):
Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

הַמֶּלֶךְ (hammeleḵ) : definite article הַ [with dagesh in the first letter of the attached word] (ha) + מֶּלֶךְ (meleḵ) : the king.
וַיְמַן (wayᵉman) : consecutive וַ (wa) + Piel imperfect 3 m.s. of מָנָה (mānāh) : appointed.
לָהֶם (lāhem) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + 3 m.s. suffix הֶם (hem) : to them.
דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ () : construct of דָּבָר (dāḇār) + noun יוֹם () + prep. בְּ (bᵉ) + יוֹם () : 3 m.s. suffix : a daily.
מִפַּת־בַּג (mippaṯ-bag̱) : prep. מִן (min) + פַּת־בַּג (paṯ-bag̱) : portion (of food/delicacies for the king).
הַמֶּלֶךְ (hammeleḵ) : definite article הַ [with dagesh in the first letter of the attached word] (ha) + מֶּלֶךְ (meleḵ) : [which] the king [ate].
וּמִיֵּין () : conj. וּ () + prep. מִן (min) + construct of יַיִן (yayin) : and of the wine (of).
מִשְׁתָּיו () : plural of מִשְׁתֶּה () + 3 m.s. suffix : his drink.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:5b (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וּלְגַדְּלָם שָׁנִים שָׁלוֹשׁ

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

to bring them up* for three years.

*Old Greek, ἐκπαιδεῦσαι, has the sense of "educate" rather than "nourish."

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וּלְגַדְּלָם () : conj. וּ () + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + Piel infinitive construct of גָּדַל (gāḏal) + 3 m.p. suffix : and to bring them up.
שָׁנִים שָׁלוֹשׁ () : שָׁנִים () "years", plural of שָׁנָה () + numeral three שָׁלוֹשׁ () : three years.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:5c (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וּמִקְצָתָם יַעַמְדוּ לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (RSV):

and at the end of that time they were to stand before the king.

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וּמִקְצָתָם () : conj. וּ () + prep. מִן (min) + noun קְצָת (qᵉṣāṯ) + pronominal 3 m.p. suffix : and at the end of that time.
יַעַמְדוּ () : Qal imperfect 3 m.p. of עָמַד (ʿāmaḏ) : they were to stand.
לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ () : לִפְנֵי () ["before"] + definite article הַ (ha) + מֶּלֶךְ (meleḵ) : before the king.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:6 (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וַיְהִי בָהֶם מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָה דָּנִיֵּאל חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

Among them from the Judeans were Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah.

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וַיְהִי בָהֶם (wayᵉhı̂ ḇāhem) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of הָיָה (hāyāh) + prep. בְּ (bᵉ) + 3 m.p. suffix : among them were.
מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָה () : prep. מִן (min) + plural construct of בֵּן (bēn) + proper name יְהוּדָה () : from the sons of Judah.
דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : proper name Daniel.
חֲנַנְיָה (ḥᵃnanyāh) : proper name Hananiah.
מִישָׁאֵל () : proper name Mishael.
וַעֲזַרְיָה (waʿᵃzaryāh) : conj. וַ (wa) + proper name עֲזַרְיָה (ʿᵃzaryāh) : and Azariah.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:7a (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וַיָּשֶׂם לָהֶם שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים שֵׁמוֹת

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (RSV):

And the chief of the eunuchs gave them names:

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וַיָּשֶׂם (wayyāśem) : consecutive waw + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of שִׂים (śı̂m) : and ... gave.
לָהֶם (lāhem) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + pronominal 3 m.p. suffix : to them.
שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים (śar hassārı̂sı̂m) : construct שַׂר (śar) + definite article הַ (ha + dagesh forte) + plural of סָרִיס (sārı̂s) : the chief of the eunuchs.
שֵׁמוֹת () : plural of שֵׁם () : names.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:7b (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וַיָּשֶׂם לְדָנִיֵּאל בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר וְלַחֲנַנְיָה שַׁדְרַךְ וּלְמִישָׁאֵל מֵישַׁךְ וְלַעֲזַרְיָה עֲבֵד נְגוֹ

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

He named Daniel Belteshazzar, Hananiah Shadrach, Mishael Meshach, and Azariah Abednego

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וַיָּשֶׂם (wayyāśem) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of שִׂים (śı̂m) : and he gave a name.
לְדָנִיֵּאל (lᵉḏānı̂ēʾl) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + proper name דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : to Daniel.
בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר () : proper name : Belteshazzar.
וְלַחֲנַנְיָה (wᵉlaḥᵃnanyāh) : conj. וְ (wᵉ) + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + pr. n. חֲנַנְיָה (ḥᵃnanyāh) : and to Hananiah.
שַׁדְרַךְ () : pr. n. Shadrach.
וּלְמִישָׁאֵל () : conj. וּ () + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + pr. n. מִישָׁאֵל () : and to Mishael.
מֵישַׁךְ () : pr. n. Meshach.
וְלַעֲזַרְיָה (wᵉlaʿᵃzaryāh) : conj. וְ (wᵉ) + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + pr. n. עֲזַרְיָה (ʿᵃzaryāh) : and to Azariah.
עֲבֵד נְגוֹ () : pr. n. Abednego.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:8a (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וַיָּשֶׂם דָּנִיֵּאל עַל־לִבּוֹ אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יִתְגָּאַל בְּפַתְבַּג הַמֶּלֶךְ וּבְיֵין מִשְׁתָּיו

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (TNIV):

But Daniel resolved not to defile himself with the royal food and wine

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וַיָּשֶׂם (wayyāśem) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of שִׂים (śı̂m) : but ... resolved (put).
דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : Daniel.
עַל־לִבּוֹ () : prep. עַל (ʿal) + noun לֵב (lēḇ) + pronominal 3 m.s. suffix : (in his heart).
אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יִתְגָּאַל () : relative אֲשֶׁר () + negation לֹא (lōʾ) + Hithpael imperfect 3 m.s. of II גָּאַל (gāʾal) : not to defile himself.
בְּפַתְבַּג (bᵉp̱aṯbag̱) : prep. בְּ (bᵉ) + construct פַתְבַּג (p̱aṯbag̱) : with the food of.
הַמֶּלֶךְ (hammeleḵ) : definite article + מֶלֶךְ (meleḵ) : the king.
וּבְיֵין () : conj. וּ () + prep. בְ (bᵉ) + noun יַיִן (yayin) : or with the wine of (the king).
מִשְׁתָּיו () : plural of noun מִשְׁתֶּה () + pronominal 3 m.s. suffix : his (i.e., the king's) drink.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:8b (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וַיְבַקֵּשׁ מִשַּׂר הַסָּרִיסִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִתְגָּאָל

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

and he petitioned the chief eunuch for permission that he should not defile himself.

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וַיְבַקֵּשׁ () : consecutive ו (waw) + Piel imperfect 3 m.s. of בָּקַשׁ () : and he requested.
מִשַּׂר (miśśar) : prep. מִן (min) + construct שַׂר (śar) : from the chief of.
הַסָּרִיסִים (hassārı̂sı̂m) : definite article + plural of סָרִיס (sārı̂s) : the eunuchs.
אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יִתְגָּאַל () : relative אֲשֶׁר () + negation לֹא (lōʾ) + Hithpael imperfect 3 m.s. of II גָּאַל (gāʾal) : not to defile himself.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:9 (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וַיִּתֵּן הָאֱלֹהִים אֶת־דָּנִיֵּאל לְחֶסֶד וּלְרַחֲמִים לִפְנֵי שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

and God caused Daniel to find favor and pity with the chief of the Eunuchs.

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וַיְבַקֵּשׁ () : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of נָתַן (nāṯan) : and ... gave.
הָאֱלֹהִים (hāʾᵉlōhı̂m) : definite article + אֱלֹהִים (ʾᵉlōhı̂m) : God.
אֶת־דָּנִיֵּאל (ʾeṯ-dānı̂ēʾl) : direct object indicator + דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : Daniel.
לְחֶסֶד (lᵉḥeseḏ) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + noun חֶסֶד (ḥeseḏ) : favor.
וּלְרַחֲמִים () : conj. וּ () + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + absolute plural intensive רַחֲמִים (raḥᵃmı̂m) : and compassion.
לִפְנֵי () : in the presence of.
שַׂר (śar) : the chief of.
הַסָּרִיסִים (hassārı̂sı̂m) : definite article + plural of סָרִיס (sārı̂sı̂m) : the eunuchs.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:10a (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וַיֹּאמֶר שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים לְדָנִיֵּאל

Transliteration (Accordance):

wayyōʾmer śar hassārı̂sı̂m lᵉḏānı̂ēʾl

Translation (Collins):

The chief of the eunuchs said to Daniel

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וַיֹּאמֶר (wayyōʾmer) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of אָמַר (ʾāmar) : and ... said.
שַׂר (śar) : construct : the chief of
הַסָּרִיסִים (hassārı̂sı̂m) : definite article + plural of סָרִיס (sārı̂s) : the eunuchs.
לְדָנִיֵּאל (lᵉḏānı̂ēʾl) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : to Daniel

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:10b (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

יָרֵא אֲנִי אֶת־אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ

Transliteration (Accordance):

yārēʾ ʾᵃnı̂ ʾeṯ-ʾᵃḏōnı̂ hammeleḵ

Translation (Collins):

I am afraid of my lord, the king

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

יָרֵא אֲנִי (yārēʾ ʾᵃnı̂) : Qal participle of יָרֵא (yārēʾ) + 1st person singular pronoun אֲנִי (ʾᵃnı̂) : I am afraid of.
אֶת־אֲדֹנִי (ʾeṯ-ʾᵃḏōnı̂) : direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + noun אָדוֹן () + pronominal 1 c.s. suffix : my lord.
הַמֶּלֶךְ (hammeleḵ) : definite article + מֶלֶךְ (meleḵ) : the king.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:10c (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

אֲשֶׁר מִנָּה אֶת־מַאֲכַלְכֶם וְאֶת־מִשְׁתֵּיכֶם

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

who assigned your food and drink

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

אֲשֶׁר מִנָּה () : relative אֲשֶׁר () + Piel perfect 3 m.s. of מָנָה (mānāh) : who assigned.
אֶת־מַאֲכַלְכֶם (ʾeṯ-maʾᵃḵalḵem) : direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + noun מַאֲכָל (maʾᵃḵāl) + pronominal 2 m.p. suffix : כֶם (ḵem) : your food.
וְאֶת־מִשְׁתֵּיכֶם () : conj. וְ (wᵉ) + direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + plural of מִשְׁתֶּה () + pronominal 2 m.p. suffix כֶם (ḵem) : and your drink.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:10d (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה יִרְאֶה אֶת־פְּנֵיכֶם זֹעֲפִים

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

lest he see that your appearance is dejected

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה () : relative אֲשֶׁר () + interrogative לָמָּה (lāmmā) : lest (BDB, p. 554).
יִרְאֶה (yirʾeh) : Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of רָאָה (rāʾāh) : he see.
אֶת־פְּנֵיכֶם () : direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + plural of פָּנֶה (pāneh) ("face") + 2 m.p. suffix כֶם (ḵem) : (that) your appearance (literally, "your faces").
זֹעֲפִים (zōʿᵃp̱ı̂m) : Qal m. plural participle of זָעַף (zāʿap̱) : are looking poor/thin (HALOT).

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:10e (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

מִן־הַיְלָדִים אֲשֶׁר כְּגִילְכֶם

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

in comparison with the youths of your age

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

מִן־הַיְלָדִים (min-hayᵉlāḏı̂m) : prep. מִן (min) + definite article + plural of יֶלֶד (yeleḏ) : in comparison with the youths.
אֲשֶׁר כְּגִילְכֶם () : relative אֲשֶׁר () + prep. כְּ (kᵉ) + noun גִּיל (gı̂l) + 2 m.p. suffix כֶם (ḵem) : who are of your age.

[John Reece]

Daniel 1:10f (Hebrew)

Text (BHS):

וְחִיַּבְתֶּם אֶת־רֹאשִׁי לַמֶּלֶךְ

Transliteration (Accordance):
Translation (Collins):

and you make me liable* before the king

*Literally, "inculpate my head." It is not clear whether this implies the threat of capital punishment. Old Greek has "lest I risk my neck"; Syriac: "and the king cut off my head." F. M. Cross comments that the expression regularly means "be liable (to penalty)" in the Samaria papyri.

Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):

וְחִיַּבְתֶּם (wᵉḥı̂aḇtem) : conj. וְ (wᵉ) + Piel perfect 2 m.p. of חוּב () : and you inculpate (BDB).
אֶת־רֹאשִׁי () : direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + noun רֹאשׁ () + pronominal 1 c.s. suffix : my head.
לַמֶּלֶךְ (lammeleḵ) : Prep. לְ (lᵉ) + definite article + מֶלֶךְ (meleḵ) : before the king.