NA27 Text (Revelation 6:1):

Καὶ εἶδον ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὸ ἀρνίον μίαν ἐκ τῶν ἑπτὰ σφραγίδων, καὶ ἤκουσα ἑνὸς ἐκ τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων λέγοντος ὡς φωνὴ βροντῆς· ἔρχου.

Transliteration:

Kai eidon hote ēnoixen to arnion mian ek tōn hepta sphragidōn, kai ēkousa henos ek tōn tessarōn zō̧ōn legontos hōs phōnē brontēs; erchou.

Translation (NRSV):

Then I saw the Lamb open one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures call out, as with a voice of thunder, “Come!”

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἤνοιξεν : aorist of ἀνοίγω : open.
ἀρνίον : lamb.
μία : (feminine of εἷς) here for ordinal, first. In Hellenistic Greek μία especially prone to be used as ordinal, being paralleled in Hebrew idiom Mt 28:1.
σφραγίς : seal.
ἤκουσα : aorist of ἀκούω : I heard.
τέσσαρες = 4.
ζῷον : animal ; in Apocalypse living creature (Ezekiel 1:5-25).
βροντή : thunder, φωνὴ βροντῆς sound of thunder.
ἔρχου : imperative of ἔρχομαι : come!

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:2):

καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος λευκός, καὶ ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ἔχων τόξον καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στέφανος καὶ ἐξῆλθεν νικῶν καὶ ἵνα νικήσῃ.

Transliteration:

kai eidon, kai idou hippos leukos, kai ho kathēmenos ep' auton echōn toxon kai edothē autō̧ stephanos kai exēlthen nikōn kai hina nikēsȩ̄.

Translation (NRSV):

I looked, and there was a white horse! Its rider had a bow; a crown was given to him, and he came out conquering and to conquer.

Analysis (Zerwick):

εἶδον, καὶ ἰδού : Hebraism meaning "I had a vision of..."
ἵππος : horse.
λευκός : white.
καθήμενος : participle of κάθημαι : ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ᾿(a horse) its rider.
τόξον : bow (weapon).
ἐδόθη : aorist passive of δίδωμι : was given.
στέφανος : crown.
νικῶν : victorious, participle of νικάω conquer.
νικήσῃ : aorist subjunctive of νικάω.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:3):

Καὶ ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν δευτέραν, ἤκουσα τοῦ δευτέρου ζῴου λέγοντος· ἔρχου.

Transliteration:

Kai hote ēnoixen tēn sphragida tēn deuteran, ēkousa tou deuterou zō̧ou legontos; erchou.

Translation (NRSV):

When he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature call out, “Come!”

Analysis (Zerwick):

δεύτερος : second.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:4):

καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἄλλος ἵππος πυρρός, καὶ τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ἐδόθη αὐτῷ λαβεῖν τὴν εἰρήνην ἐκ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἵνα ἀλλήλους σφάξουσιν καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ μάχαιρα μεγάλη.

Transliteration:

kai exēlthen allos hippos pyrros, kai tō̧ kathēmenō̧ ep' auton edothē autō̧ labein tēn eirēnēn ek tēs gēs kai hina allēlous sphaxousin kai edothē autō̧ machaira megalē.

Translation (NRSV):

And out came another horse, bright red; its rider was permitted to take peace from the earth, so that people would slaughter one another; and he was given a great sword.

Analysis (Zerwick):

πυρρός : red.
ἐδόθη : aorist passive of δίδωμι (understand ἐξουσία, e.g. 13:5b) authority was given him.
λαβεῖν : aorist infinitive of λαμβάνω : to take (away).
καί : that is [BG: We may now come to the various uses of coordinating καί which in the NT offer more or less clear indications of the Semitic character of the writer's thought, or of his sources. Under this heading we have ... the *neutral* use of simple καί for ...




d) "that is" ... ¶453, 455].
ἵνα : for subject infinitive [BG: ... Thus ἵνα is used not only for the object-infinitive with verbs of asking, exhorting, commanding ... , but also for the subject-infinitive ... ¶408].
σφάξουσιν : future of σφάζω : slaughter, future after ἵνα (instead of subject) [BG: ἵνα in a *final* sense, classically used with the subjunctive (or the *oblique* optative) is in Hellenistic and NT usage found also with the future indicative ... ¶340].
ἵνα : sword.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:5):

Καὶ ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τρίτην, ἤκουσα τοῦ τρίτου ζῴου λέγοντος· ἔρχου. καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος μέλας, καὶ ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ἔχων ζυγὸν ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ.

Transliteration:

Kai hote ēnoixen tēn sphragida tēn tritēn, ēkousa tou tritou zō̧ou legontos; erchou. kai eidon, kai idou hippos melas, kai ho kathēmenos ep' auton echōn zygon en tȩ̄ cheiri autou.

Translation (NRSV):

When he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature call out, “Come!” I looked, and there was a black horse! Its rider held a pair of scales in his hand,

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἤνοιξεν : aorist of ἀνοίγω : open.
σφραγίς : seal.
τρίτος : third.
μέλας : black.
ζυγόν : a pair of scales.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:6):

καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων λέγουσαν· χοῖνιξ σίτου δηναρίου καὶ τρεῖς χοίνικες κριθῶν δηναρίου, καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον μὴ ἀδικήσῃς.

Transliteration:

kai ēkousa hōs phōnēn en mesō̧ tōn tessarōn zō̧ōn legousan; choinix sitou dēnariou kai treis choinikes krithōn dēnariou, kai to elaion kai ton oinon mē adikēsȩ̄s.

Translation (NRSV):

and I heard what seemed to be a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, “A quart of wheat for a day’s pay, and three quarts of barley for a day’s pay, but do not damage the olive oil and the wine!”

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἐν μέσῳ : among.
τέσσαρες = 4.
χοῖνιξ : a measure of capacity = 1 quart (U.K.), a little over 1 litre ; about 1 day's ration of grain.
σῖτος : grain, especially wheat.
δηνάριον = Latin denarius, a laborer's daily wage; δηναρίου = genitive of price.
κριθή : barley.
ἔλαιον : (olive-)oil.
οἶνος : wine.
ἀδικήσῃς : aorist subjunctive of ἀδικέω harm, spoil, i.e. they are to remain unaffected.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:7):

Καὶ ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τετάρτην, ἤκουσα φωνὴν τοῦ τετάρτου ζῴου λέγοντος· ἔρχου.

Transliteration:

Kai hote ēnoixen tēn sphragida tēn tetartēn, ēkousa phōnēn tou tetartou zō̧ou legontos; erchou.

Translation (NRSV):

When he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature call out, “Come!”

Analysis (Zerwick):

τέταρτος : fourth (ordinal).

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:8):

καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος χλωρός, καὶ ὁ καθήμενος ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ ὄνομα αὐτῷ [ὁ] θάνατος, καὶ ὁ ᾅδης ἠκολούθει μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς ἐξουσία ἐπὶ τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ καὶ ἐν λιμῷ καὶ ἐν θανάτῳ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς.

Transliteration:

kai eidon, kai idou hippos chlōros, kai ho kathēmenos epanō autou onoma autō̧ [ho] thanatos, kai ho a̧hdēs ēkolouthei met' autou kai edothē autois exousia epi to tetarton tēs gēs apokteinai en rhomphaia̧ kai en limō̧ kai en thanatō̧ kai hypo tōn thēriōn tēs gēs.

Translation (NRSV):

I looked and there was a pale green horse! Its rider’s name was Death, and Hades followed with him; they were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword, famine, and pestilence, and by the wild animals of the earth.

Analysis (Zerwick):

χλωρός : yellow-green ; of a horse probably bay ; in 8:7 of grass.
ἐπάνω : adverb : above ; as preposition with genitive over, on.
ᾅδης : hades, underworld.
ἠκολούθει : imperfect of ἀκολουθέω : followed.
τέταρτον : quarter.
ἀποκτεῖναι : aorist infinitive of ἀποκτείνω : to kill.
ἐν : instrumental [BG: As is well known, the NT uses ἐν with almost Semitic frequency instead of the instrumental dative, e.g. Rev 6:8 ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ καὶ ἐν λιμῷ καὶ ἐν θανάτῳ ¶119].
ῥομφαίᾳ : sword.
λιμός : famine.
ὑπό : followed by active verb ?the animals being regarded as agential instruments of a higher power.
θηρίον : wild beast.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:9):

Καὶ ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν πέμπτην σφραγῖδα, εἶδον ὑποκάτω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἐσφαγμένων διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον.

Transliteration:

Kai hote ēnoixen tēn pemptēn sphragida, eidon hypokatō tou thysiastēriou tas psychas tōn esphagmenōn dia ton logon tou theou kai dia tēn martyrian hēn eichon.

Translation (NRSV):

When he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slaughtered for the word of God and for the testimony they had given;

Analysis (Zerwick):

πέμπτος : ordinal : fifth.
ὑποκάτω : adverb as preposition with genitive : under(neath).
θυσιαστήριον : alter.
ἐσφαγμένων : perfect passive participle of σφάζω slaughter.
διά : for.
μαρτυρία : testimony.
εἶχον : imperfect of ἔχω: for holding the same testimony (teaching) as Christ had given.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:10):

καὶ ἔκραξαν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ λέγοντες· ἕως πότε, ὁ δεσπότης ὁ ἅγιος καὶ ἀληθινός, οὐ κρίνεις καὶ ἐκδικεῖς τὸ αἷμα ἡμῶν ἐκ τῶν κατοικούντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς;

Transliteration:

kai ekraxan phōnȩ̄ megalȩ̄ legontes; heōs pote, ho despotēs ho hagios kai alēthinos, ou krineis kai ekdikeis to haima hēmōn ek tōn katoikountōn epi tēs gēs?

Translation (NRSV):

they cried out with a loud voice, “Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long will it be before you judge and avenge our blood on the inhabitants of the earth?”

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἔκραξαν : aorist of κράζω : they cried out.
πότε : when? : ἕως πότε how long.
δεσπότης : master, lord ; ὁ with nominative for vocative.
ἀληθινός : genuine, true.
ἐκδικέω : vindicate ; ἐκδικέω τι ἐκ τινος avenge something on one.
κατοικούντων : participle of κατοικέω dwell, live ; τῶν κατοικούντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς the inhabitants of the earth.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:11):

καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς ἑκάστῳ στολὴ λευκὴ καὶ ἐρρέθη αὐτοῖς ἵνα ἀναπαύσονται ἔτι χρόνον μικρόν

Transliteration:

kai edothē autois hekastō̧ stolē leukē kai errethē autois hina anapausontai eti chronon mikron

Translation (NRSV):

They were each given a white robe and told to rest a little longer

Comment by Grant R. Osborne in Revelation (BECNT; Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006), brackets added.

God responds in two ways in 6:11. First, he gives "each of"¹ the martyrs (another divine passive ἐδόθη [edothē, it was given] indicating the sovereign will of God) στολὴ λευκή (stolē leukē, a white robe). [...] The martyrs are then called to have the same patience that characterized their patience on earth. God tells them² ἵνα ἀναπαύσονται ἔτι χρόνον μικρόν (hina anapausontai eti chronon mikron, that they should wait for a short time yet).³ The imminence of the eschaton is strongly emphasized in "a little longer," and as Schüssler Fiorenza (1985, 49) states, "all the visions and images of Revelation are determined by such an imminent expectation" [...]. Throughout the book God is seen in process of bringing the world to an end in his own time yet promising that this time will be short. Satan "knows his time is short" (12:12), and the "delay" is over (10:6). There is probably also double meaning in ἀναπαύσονται, which means not only "wait" but also "rest." This verse parallels 14:8, in which martyred saints are told they will "rest from their labor" in heaven. With the "white robe" of glory, this is a promise that they will "rest" in the glory of heaven as they "await" the consummation of God's victory on their behalf.

¹The stress on the individual occurs seven times [...] and is an important feature. God does not vindicate just the church but every believer within it.
²The impersonal passive ἐρρέθη αὐτοῖς (errethē autois, it was told to them) followed by the content of the message in a ἵνα clause may well be used to avoid saying the name of God (due to Jewish piety) and should be translated, "God told them that ...."
³This is an adverbial accusative of time, "for a little longer."

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἐδόθη : aorist passive of δίδωμι : it was given.
στολή : long robe.
λευκός : white.
ἐρρέθη : aorist passive of λέγω: ἐρρέθη αὐτοῖς ἵνα here with future (normally subjunctive) for objective infinitive they were told to rest.
ἀναπαύσονται : future middle of ἀναπαύω cause to rest ; middle rest intransitive.
χρόνος : time ; χρόνον μικρόν (for) a little while, accusative of duration.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:12a):

Καὶ εἶδον ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἕκτην, καὶ σεισμὸς μέγας ἐγένετο

Transliteration:

Kai eidon hote ēnoixen tēn sphragida tēn hektēn, kai seismos megas egeneto

Translation (TNIV):

I watched as he opened the sixth seal. There was a great earthquake.

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἕκτος : sixth.
σεισμός : earthquake.
ἐγένετο : aorist of γίνομαι : there was.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:12b):

καὶ ὁ ἥλιος ἐγένετο μέλας ὡς σάκκος τρίχινος καὶ ἡ σελήνη ὅλη ἐγένετο ὡς αἷμα

Transliteration:

kai ho hēlios egeneto melas hōs sakkos trichinos kai hē selēnē holē egeneto hōs haima

Translation (TNIV):

The sun turned black like sackcloth made of goat hair, the whole moon turned blood red

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἥλιος : sun.
ἐγένετο : aorist of γίνομαι : became
μέλας : black.
σάκκος = Hebrew saq, sackcloth, garment of mourning.
τρίχινος : (< θρίξ hair) (made) of hair.
σελήνη : moon.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:13):

καὶ οἱ ἀστέρες τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἔπεσαν εἰς τὴν γῆν, ὡς συκῆ βάλλει τοὺς ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου σειομένη,

Transliteration:

kai hoi asteres tou ouranou epesan eis tēn gēn, hōs sykē ballei tous olynthous autēs hypo anemou megalou seiomenē,

Translation (TNIV):

and the stars in the sky fell to earth, as figs drop from a fig tree when shaken by a strong wind.

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἀστήρ : star.
ἔπεσαν : aorist of πίπτω fall.
συκῆ : fig-tree.
βάλλω : here drop.
ὄλυνθος : late (so unripe) fig.
ἄνεμος : wind.
σειομένη : passive participle of σείω shake.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:14):

καὶ ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον καὶ πᾶν ὄρος καὶ νῆσος ἐκ τῶν τόπων αὐτῶν ἐκινήθησαν.

Transliteration:

kai ho ouranos apechōristhē hōs biblion helissomenon kai pan oros kai nēsos ek tōn topōn autōn ekinēthēsan.

Translation (NRSV):

The sky vanished like a scroll rolling itself up, and every mountain and island was removed from its place.

Analysis (Zerwick):

ἀπεχωρίσθη : aorist passive of ἀποχωρίζω separate ; passive be parted.
βιβλίον : scroll.
ἑλισσόμενον : passive participle of ἑλίσσω roll up, i.e. like the two halves of a split scroll rolled up and disappeared, Isa 34:3.
νῆσος : island.
ἐκινήθησαν : aorist passive of κινέω was moved.

NA27 Text (Revelation 6:15):

Καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς καὶ οἱ μεγιστᾶνες καὶ οἱ χιλίαρχοι καὶ οἱ πλούσιοι καὶ οἱ ἰσχυροὶ καὶ πᾶς δοῦλος καὶ ἐλεύθερος ἔκρυψαν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὰ σπήλαια καὶ εἰς τὰς πέτρας τῶν ὀρέων

Transliteration:

Kai hoi basileis tēs gēs kai hoi megistanes kai hoi chiliarchoi kai hoi plousioi kai hoi ischyroi kai pas doulos kai eleutheros ekrypsan heautous eis ta spēlaia kai eis tas petras tōn oreōn

Translation (NRSV):

Then the kings of the earth and the magnates and the generals and the rich and the powerful, and everyone, slave and free, hid in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains,

Analysis (Zerwick):

μεγιστάν : great man, magnate.
χιλίαρχος : (leader of 1000) properly a military tribune, here high ranking officer, general.
πλούσιος : rich man.
ἰσχυρός : powerful.
ἐλεύθερος : free (man).
ἔκρυψαν : aorist of κρύπτω hide.
σπήλαιον : cave.
πέτρα : rock.
ὀρέων : genitive plural (rarely contracted) of ὄρος.